The Civil And Gallic Wars

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THE CIVIL AND GALLIC WARS - A GLOSSARY

G. stands for De Bello Gallico, C. for De Bello Civili.
Books and chapters are indicated with Roman and Arabic numbers.

Acarnia, a region of Greece, Carnia
Acco, prince of the Senones, his conduct on Caesar's approach, G. vi. 4; condemned in a council of the Gauls, vi. 44
Achaia, sometimes taken for all Greece, but most commonly for a part of it only; in Peloponnesus, Romania alta
Achillas, captain of Ptolemy's guards, sent to kill Pompey, C. iii. 104; appointed by Pothinus commander of all the Egyptian forces, ibid. 108; heads an army of twenty thousand veteran troops, ibid. 110
Acilla, or Achilla, or Acholla. There were two cities in Africa of this name, one inland, the other on the coast. The modern name of the latter is Elalia
Acilius, Caesar's lieutenant, C. iii. 15
Actium, a promontory of Epirus, now called the Cape of Tigalo, famous for a naval victory gained near it, by Augustus, over M. Antony
Actius, a Pelignian, one of Pompey's followers, taken by Caesar, and dismissed in safety, C. i. 18
Actius Rufus accuses L. Apanius of treachery, C. iii. 83
Actius Varus prevents Tubero from landing in Africa, C. i. 31; his forces, C. ii. 23; his camp, ibid. 25; engages Curio, ibid. 34; his danger, defeat, and stratagem, ibid. 35
Adcantuannus sallies upon Crassus at the head of a chosen body of troops, G. iii. 22
Addua, the Adda, a river that rises in the Alps, and, separating the duchy of Milan from the state of Venice, falls into the Po above Cremona
Adriatic Sea, the Gulf of Venice, at the extremity of which that city is situated
Adrumetum, a town in Africa, Mahometta; held by Considius Longus with a garrison of one legion, C. ii. 23
Aduatuuci (in some editions Atuatici), descendants of the Teutones and Cimbri, G. ii. 29; they furnish twenty-nine thousand men to the general confederacy of Gaul, ibid. 4; Caesar obliges them to submit, ibid. 29
Aedui, the Autunois, a people of Gaul, near Autun, in the country now called Lower Burgundy; they complain to Caesar of the ravages committed in their territories by the Helvetii, G. i. 11; join in a petition against Ariovistus, ibid. 33; at the head of one of the two leading factions of Gaul, G. vi. 12; Caesar quiets an intestine commotion among them, C. vii. 33; they revolt from the Romans, G. vii. 54; their law concerning magistrates, ibid. 33; their clients, i. 31; vii. 75
Aegean Sea, the Archipelago, a part of the Mediterranean which lies between Greece, Asia Minor, and the Isle of Crete
Aeginium, a town of Thessaly; Domitius joins Caesar near that place, C. iii. 79
Aegus and Roscillus, their perfidious behaviour towards Caesar, C. iii. 59, 60
Aegyptus, Egypt, an extensive country of Africa, bounded on the west by part of Marmarica and the deserts of Lybia, on the north by the Mediterranean, on the east by the Sinus Arabicus, and a line drawn from Arsinoe to Rhinocolura, and on the south by Aethiopia. Egypt, properly so called, may be described as consisting of the long and narrow valley which follows the course of the Nile from Syene (Assooan) to Cairo, near the site of the ancient Memphis. The name by which this country is known to Europeans comes from the Greeks, some of whose writers inform us that it received this appellation from Aegyptus, son of Belus, it having been previously called Aeria. In the Hebrew scriptures it is called Mitsraim, and also Matsor and Harets Cham; of these names, however, the first is the one most commonly employed
Aemilia Via, a Roman road in Italy, from Rimini to Aquileia, and from Pisa to Dertona
Aetolia, a country of Greece, Despotato; recovered from Pompey by the partisans of Caesar, C. iii. 35
Afranius, Pompey's lieutenant, his exploits in conjunction with Petreius, C. i. 38; resolves to carry the war into Celtiberia, ibid. 61; surrenders to Caesar, ibid. 84
Africa, one of the four great continents into which the earth is divided; the name seems to have been originally applied by the Romans to the country around Carthage, the first part of the continent with which they became acquainted, and is said to have been derived from a small Carthaginian district on the northern coast, called Frigi. Hence, even when the name had become applied to the whole continent, there still remained in Roman geography the district of Africa Proper, on the Mediterranean coast, corresponding to the modem kingdom of Tunis, with part of that of Tripoli
Agendicum, a city of the Senones, Sens; Caesar quarters four legions there, G. vi. 44; Labienus leaves his baggage in it under a guard of new levies, and sets out for Lutetia, G. vii. 57
Alba, a town of Latium, in Italy, Albano; Domitius levies troops in that neighbourhood, C. i. 15
Albici, a people of Gaul, unknown; some make them the same with the Vivarois; taken into the service of the Marseillians, C. i. 34
Albis, the Elbe, a large and noble river in Germany, which has its source in the Giant's Mountains in Silesia, on the confines of Bohemia, and passing through Bohemia, Upper and Lower Saxony, falls into the North Sea at Ritzbuttel, about sixty miles below Hamburg
Alces, a species of animals somewhat resembling an elk, to be found in the Hercynian forests, C. vi. 27
Alemanni, or Alamanni, a name assumed by a confederacy of German tribes, situated between the Neckar and the Upper Rhine, who united to resist the encroachments of the Roman power. According to Mannert, they derived their origin from the shattered remains of the army of Ariovistus retired, after the defeat and death of their leader, to the mountainous country of the Upper Rhine. After their overthrow by Clovis, king of the Salian Franks, they ceased to exist as one nation, and were dispersed over Gaul, Switzerland, and Nether Italy. From them L'Allemagne, the French name for Germany, is derived
Alemannia, the country inhabited by the Alemanni
Alesia, or Alexia, a town of the Mandubians, Alise; Caesar shuts up Vercingetorix there, C. vii. 68; surrounds it with lines of circumvallation and contravallation, ibid. 69, 72; obliges it to surrender, ibid. 89
Alexandria, a city of Egypt, Scanderia. It was built by Alexander the Great, 330 years before Christ; Caesar pursues Pompey thither, C. iii. 106
Aliso, by some supposed to be the town now called Iselburg; or, according to Junius, Wesel, in the duchy of Cleves, but more probably Elsen
Allier (Elaver), Caesar eludes the vigilance of Vercingetorix, and by an artifice passes that river, G. vii. 35
Allobroges, an ancient people of Gallia Transalpina, who inhabited the country which is now called Dauphiny, Savoy, and Piedmont. The name, Allobroges, means highlanders, and is derived from Al, "high," and Broga, "land." They are supposed to be disaffected to the Romans, G. i. 6; complain to Caesar of the ravages of the Helvetians, ibid. 11
Alps, a ridge of high mountains, which separates France and Germany from Italy. That part of them which separates Dauphiny from Piedmont was called the Cottian Alps. Their name is derived from their height, Alp being an old Celtic appellation for "a lofty mountain"; Caesar crosses them with five legions, G. i. 10; sends Galba to open a free passage over them to the Roman merchants, G. iii. 1
Alsatia, a province of Germany, in the upper circle of the Rhine, Alsace
Amagetobria, a city of Gaul, unknown; famous for a defeat of the Gauls there by Ariovistus, G. i. 31
Amantia, a town in Macedonia, Porto Raguseo; it submits to Caesar, and sends ambassadors to know his pleasure, C. iii. 12
Amanus, a mountain of Syria, Alma Daghy, near which Scipio sustains some losses, C. iii. 31
Amani Pylae, or Amanicae Portae, Straits of Scanderona
Ambarri, a people of Gaul, uncertain; they complain to Caesar of the ravages committed in their territories by the Helvetii, G. i. 11
Ambialites, a people of Gaul, of Lamballe in Bretagne. Others take the word to be only a different name for the Ambiani; they join in a confederacy with the Veneti against Caesar, G. iii. 9
Ambiani, or Ambianenses, the people of Amiens; they furnish ten thousand men to the general confederacy of the Belgians against Caesar, G. ii. 4; sue for peace, and submit themselves to Caesar's pleasure, G. ii. 15
Ambianum, a city of Belgium, Amiens
Ambibari, a people of Gaul, inhabiting Ambie, in Normandy Ambiorix, his artful speech to Sabinus and Cotta, G. v. 27; Caesar marches against him, G. vi. 249. Ravages and lays waste his territories, ibid. 34; endeavours in vain to get him into his hands, ibid. 43
Ambivareti, a people of Gaul, the Vivarais. They are ordered to furnish their contingent for raising the siege of Alesia, G. vii. 75
Ambivariti, an ancient people of Brabant, between the Rhine and the Maese; the German cavalry sent to forage among them, G. iv. 9
Ambracia, a city of Epirus, Arta; Cassius directs his march thither, C. iii. 36
Ambrones, an ancient people, who lived in the country which is now called the Canton of Bern, in Switzerland
Amphilochia, a region of Epirus, Anfilocha. Its inhabitants reduced by Cassius Longinus, C. iii. 55
Amphipolis, a city of Macedonia, Cristopoli, or Emboli. An edict in Pompey's name published there, C. iii. 102
Anartes, a people of Germany, Walachians, Servians, or Bulgarians, bordering upon the Hercynian Forest, G. vi. 25
Anas, a river of Spain, the Guadiana, or Rio Roydera, bounding that part of Spain under the government of Petreius, C. i. 38
Ancalites, a people of Britain, of the hundred of Henley, in Oxfordshire; they send ambassadors to Caesar with an offer of submission, G. v. 21
Anchialos, a city of Thrace, near the Euxine Sea, now called Kenkis
Ancibarii, or Ansivarii, an ancient people of Lower Germany, of and about the town of Ansestaet, or Amslim
Ancona, Ancona, a city of Italy, on the coast of Pisenum. It is supposed to derive its name from the Greek word [Greek: agkon, an angle or elbow, on account of the angular form of the promontory on which it is built. The foundation of Ancona is ascribed by Strabo to some Syracusans, who were fleeing from the tyranny of Dionysius. Livy speaks of it as a naval station of great importance in the wars of Rome with the Illyrians. We find it occupied by Caesar (C. i. 2) shortly after crossing the Rubicon; Caesar takes possession of it with a garrison of one cohort, C. i. 11
Andes, Angers, in France, the capital of the duchy of Anjou
Andes, a people of Gaul, the ancient inhabitants of the duchy of Anjou; Caesar puts his troops into winter quarters among them, G. ii. 35
Andomadunum Lingonum, a large and ancient city of Champagne, at the source of the river Marne, Langres
Anglesey (Mona), an island situated between Britain and Ireland, where the night, during the winter, is said to be a month long, G. v. 13
Angrivarii, an ancient people of Lower Germany, who dwelt between the Ems and the Weser, below the Lippe
Ansivarii, see Ancibarii
Antiochia, Antachia, an ancient and famous city, once the capital of Syria, or rather of the East. It is situate on two rivers, the Orontes and the Phaspar, not far from the Mediterranean; refuses to admit the fugitives after the battle of Pharsalia, C. iii. 102
Antonius (Mark Antony), Caesar's lieutenant, G. vii. i i; quaestor, G. viii. 2; governor of Brundusium, C. iii. 24; his standing for that priesthood, G. vii. 50; obliges Libo to raise the siege of Brundusium, C. iii. 24; and in conjunction with Kalenus transports Caesar's troops to Greece, ibid. 26
Apamea, Apami, a city of Bithynia, built by Nicomedes, the son of Prusias
Apennine Mountains, a large chain of mountains, branching off from the Maritime Alps, in the neighbourhood of Genoa, running diagonally from the Ligurian Gulf to the Adriatic, in the vicinity of Ancona; from which it continues nearly parallel with the latter gulf, as far as the promontory of Garganus, and again inclines to Mare Inferum, till it finally terminates in the promontory of Leucopetra, near Rhegium. The etymology of the name given to these mountains must be traced to the Celtic, and appears to combine two terms of that language nearly synonymous, Alp, or Ap, "a high mountain," and Penn, "a summit"
Apollonia, a city of Macedonia, Piergo. Pompey resolves to winter there, C. iii. 5; Caesar makes himself master of it, ibid. iii. 12
Appia Via, the Appian road which led from Rome to Campania, and from the sea to Brundusium. It was made, as Livy informs us, by the censor, Appius Caecus, A.U.C. 442, and was, in the first instance, only laid down as far as Capua, a distance of about 125 miles. It was subsequently carried on to Beneventum, and finally to Brundusium. According to Eustace (Classical Tour, vol. iii.), such parts of the Appian Way as have escaped destruction, as at Fondi and Mola, show few traces of wear and decay after a duration of two thousand years
Apsus, a river of Macedonia, the Aspro. Caesar and Pompey encamp over against each other on the banks of that river, C. iii. 13
Apulia, a region of Italy, la Puglia. Pompey quarters there the legions sent by Caesar, C. i. 14
Aquilaria, a town of Africa, near Clupea. Pompey quarters there the legions sent by Caesar, C. i. 14; Curio arrives there with the troops designed against Africa. C. ii. 23
Aquileia, formerly a famous and considerable city of Italy, not far from the Adriatic, now little more than a heap of ruins, Aquilegia. Caesar draws together the troops quartered there, G. i. 10
Aquitania, a third part of ancient Gaul, now containing Guienne, Gascony, etc.
Aquitani, the Aquitanians reduced under the power of the Romans by Crassus, G. iii. 20-22; very expert in the art of mining, ibid. 21
Arar, or Araris, a river of Gaul, the Sa[^one; the Helvetians receive a considerable check in passing this river, G. i. 12
Arduenna Silva, the forest of Ardenne, in France, reaching from the Rhine to the city of Tournay, in the low countries; Indutiomarus conceals in it the infirm and aged, G. v. 3; Caesar crosses it in quest of Ambiorix, G. vi. 29
Arecomici Volcae, Caesar plants garrisons among them, G. vii. 7
Arelate, or Arelatum, or Arelas, a city of Gaul, Arles. Caesar orders twelve galleys to be built there, C. i. 36
Ariminum, a city of Italy, Rimini; Caesar having sounded the disposition of his troops, marches thither, C. i. 8
Ariovistus, king of the Germans, his tyrannical conduct towards the Gauls, G. i. 31; Caesar sends ambassadors to him demanding an interview, ibid. 34; he is defeated and driven entirely out of Gaul, ibid. 52
Arles, see Arelate
Armenia, a country of Asia, divided into the greater or lesser, and now called Turcomania
Armorici, the ancient people of Armorica, a part of Gallia Celtica, now Bretagne; they assemble in great numbers to attack L. Roscius in his winter quarters, G. v. 53
Arretium, a city of Etruria, in Italy, Arezzo; Antony sent thither with five cohorts, C. i. 10
Arverni, an ancient people of France, on the Loire, whose chief city was Arvernum, now Clermont, the capital of Auvergne; suddenly invaded, and their territories ravaged by Caesar, G. vii. 8
Asculum, a town of Italy, Ascoli; Caesar takes possession of it, C. i. 16
Asparagium, a town in Macedonia, unknown; Pompey encamps near it with all his forces, C. iii. 30
Astigi, or Astingi, a people of Andalusia, in Spain
Athens, one of the most ancient and noble cities of Greece, the capital of Attica. It produced some of the most distinguished statesmen, orators, and poets that the world ever saw, and its sculptors and painters have been rarely rivalled, never surpassed. No city on the earth has ever exercised an equal influence on the educated men of all ages. It contributes to fit out a fleet for Pompey, C. iii. 3
Atrebates, an ancient people of Gaul, who lived in that part of the Netherlands which is now called Artois; they furnish fifteen thousand men to the general confederacy of Gaul, G. ii. 4
Attica, a country of Greece, between Achaia and Macedonia, famous on account of its capital, Athens
Attuarii, a people of ancient Germany, who inhabited between the Maese and the Rhine, whose country is now a part of the duchy of Gueldes
Atuatuca, a strong castle, where Caesar deposited all his baggage, on setting out in pursuit of Ambiorix, G. vi. 32; the Germans unexpectedly attack it, ibid. 35
Augustodunum, Autun, a very ancient city of Burgundy, on the river Arroux
Aulerci Eburovices, a people of Gaul, in the country of Evreux, in Normandy
Aulerci Brannovices, a people of Gaul, Morienne
Aulerci Cenomanni, a people of Gaul, the country of Maine
Aulerci Diablintes, a people of Gaul, le Perche
Aulerci reduced by P. Crassus, G, ii. 34; massacre their senate, and join Viridovix, G. iii. 17; Aulerci Brannovices ordered to furnish their contingent to the relief of Alesia, G. vii. 7; Aulerci Cenomanni furnish five thousand, ibid.; Aulerci Eburovices three thousand, ibid.
Ausci, a people of Gaul, those of Auchs or Aux, in Gascony; they submit to Crassus and send hostages, G. iii. 27
Ausetani, a people of Spain, under the Pyrenean mountains; they send ambassadors to Caesar, with an offer of submission, C. i. 60
Auximum, a town in Italy, Osimo, or Osmo; Caesar makes himself master of it, C. i. 15
Avaricum, a city of Aquitaine, the capital of the Biturigians, Bourges; besieged by Caesar, G. vii. 13; and at last taken by storm, ibid. 31
Axona, the river Aisne, Caesar crosses it in his march against the Belgians, G. ii. 5, 6
Bacenis, a forest of ancient Germany, which parted the Suevi from the Cherusci; by some supposed to be the Forests of Thuringia, by others the Black Forest; the Suevians encamp at the entrance of that wood, resolving there to await the approach of the Romans, G vi. 10
Baculus, P. Sextius, his remarkable bravery, G. vi. 38
Baetica, in the ancient geography, about a third part of Spain, containing Andalusia, and a part of Granada
Bagradas, a river of Africa, near Utica, the Begrada; Curio arrives with his army at that river, C. ii. 38
Baleares Insulae, several islands in the Mediterranean Sea, formerly so called, of which Majorca and Minorca are the chief; the inhabitants famous for their dexterity in the use of the sling, G. ii. 7
Batavi, the ancient inhabitants of the island of Batavia
Batavia, or Batavorum Insula, Holland, a part of which still retains the name of Betuwe; formed by the Meuse and the Wal, G. iv. 10
Belgae, the inhabitants of Gallia Belgica. The original Belgae were supposed to be of German extraction; but passing the Rhine, settled themselves in Gaul. The name Belgae belongs to the Cymric language, in which, under the form Belgiaid, the radical of which is Belg, it signifies warlike; they are the most warlike people of Gaul, G. i. 1; withstand the invasion of the Teutones and Cimbri, G. ii. 4; originally of German extraction, ibid.; Caesar obliges them to decamp and return to their several habitations, ibid. 11
Belgia, Belgium, or Gallia Belgica, the Low Countries, or Netherlands
Bellocassi, or Velocasses, a people of Gaul, inhabiting the country of Bayeux, in Normandy; they furnish three thousand men to the relief of Alesia, G. vii. 75
Bellovaci, an ancient renowned people among the Belgae, inhabiting the country now called Beauvais in France; they furnish a hundred thousand men to the general confederacy of Belgium, G. ii. 4; join in the general defection under Vercingetorix, G. vii. 59; again take up arms against Caesar, viii. 7; but are compelled to submit and sue for pardon
Bergea, a city of Macedonia, now called Veria
Berones, see Retones
Bessi, a people of Thrace, Bessarabia; they make part of Pompey's army, C. iii. 4
Bethuria, a region of Hispania Lusitanica, Estremadura
Bibracte, a town of Burgundy, now called Autun, the capital of the Aedui; Caesar, distressed for want of corn, marches thither to obtain a supply, G. i. 23
Bibrax, a town of Rheims, Braine, or Bresne; attacked with great fury by the confederate Belgians, G. ii. 6
Bibroci, a people of Britain; according to Camden, the hundred of Bray, in Berkshire; they send ambassadors to Caesar to sue for peace, G. v. 21
Bibulus burns thirty of Caesar's ships, C. iii. 8; his hatred of Caesar, ibid. 8, 16; his cruelty towards the prisoners that fell into his hands, ibid. 14; his death, ibid. 18; death of his two sons, ibid. 110
Bigerriones, a people of Gaul, inhabiting the country now called Bigorre, in Gascony; they surrender and give hostages to Crassus, G. iii. 27
Bithynia, a country of Asia Minor, adjoining to Troas, over against Thrace, Becsangial
Bit[:uriges, a people of Guienne, in France, of the country of Berry; they join with the Arverni in the general defection under Vercingetorix, G. vii. 5
Boeotia, a country in Greece; separated from Attica by Mount Citheron. It had formerly several other names and was famous for its capital, Thebes; it is now called Stramulipa
Boii, an ancient people of Germany who, passing the Rhine, settled in Gaul, the Bourbonnois; they join with the Helvetians in their expedition against Gaul, G. i. 5; attack the Romans in flank, ibid. 25; Caesar allows them to settle among the Aeduans, ibid. 28
Borani, an ancient people of Germany, supposed by some to be the same as the Burii
Bosphorani, a people bordering upon the Euxine Sea, the Tartars
Bosphorus, two straits of the sea so called, one Bosphorus Thracius, now the Straits of Constantinople; the other Bosphorus Climerius, now the Straits of Caffa
Brannovices, the people of Morienne, in France
Brannovii furnished their contingent to the relief of Alesia, C. vii. 75
Bratuspantium, a city of Gaul, belonging to the Bellovaci, Beauvais; it submits, and obtains pardon from Caesar, G. ii. 13
Bridge built by Caesar over the Rhine described, G. iv. 7
Britannia, Caesar's expedition thither, G. iv. 20; description of the coast, 23; the Romans land in spite of the vigorous opposition of the islanders, 26; the Britons send ambassadors to Caesar to desire a peace, which they obtain on delivery of hostages, 27; they break the peace on hearing that Caesar's fleet was destroyed by a storm, and set upon the Roman foragers, 30; their manner of fighting in chariots; they fall upon the Roman camp, but are repulsed, and petition again for peace, which Caesar grants them, 33-35; Caesar passes over into their island a second time, v. 8; drives them from the woods where they had taken refuge, 9; describes their manners and way of living, 12; defeats them in several encounters, 15-21; grants them a peace, on their giving hostages, and agreeing to pay a yearly tribute, 22
Brundusium, a city of Italy, Brindisi. By the Greeks it was called [Greek: Brentesion, which in the Messapian language signified a stag's head, from the resemblance which its different harbours and creeks bore to that object; Pompey retires thither with his forces, C. i. 24; Caesar lays siege to it, 26; Pompey escapes from it by sea, upon which it immediately surrenders to Caesar, 28; Libo blocks up the port with a fleet, C. iii. 24; but by the valour of Antony is obliged to retire, ibid.
Brutii, a people of Italy, the Calabrians. They were said to be runaway slaves and shepherds of the Lucanians, who, after concealing themselves for a time, became at last numerous enough to attack their masters, and succeeded at length in gaining their independence. Their very name is said to indicate that they were revolted slaves: [Greek: Brettious gar kalousi apostatas, says Strabo, speaking of the Lucanians
Brutus, appointed to command the fleet in the war against the people of Vannes, G. iii. 11; engages and defeats at sea the Venetians, 14; and also the people of Marseilles, C. i. 58; engages them a second time with the same good fortune, ii. 3
Bullis, a town in Macedonia, unknown; it sends ambassadors to Caesar with an offer of submission, C. iii. 12
Buthrotum, a city of Epirus, Butrinto, or Botronto
Byzantium, an ancient city of Thrace, called at different times Ligos, Nova Roma, and now Constantinople
Cabillonum, a city of ancient Gaul, Chalons sur Sa[^one
Cadetes, a people of Gaul, unknown
Cadurci, a people of Gaul, inhabiting the country of Quercy
Caeraesi, a people of Belgic Gaul, inhabiting the country round Namur; they join in the general confederacy of Belgium against Caesar, G. i. 4
Caesar, hastens towards Gaul, C. i. 7; refuses the Helvetians a passage through the Roman province, ibid.; his answer to their ambassadors, 14; defeats and sends them back into their own country, 25-27; sends ambassadors to Ariovistus, 34; calls a council of war: his speech, 40; begins his march, 41; his speech to Ariovistus, 43; totally routs the Germans, and obliges them to repass the Rhine, 53; his war with the Belgians, ii. 2; reduces the Suessiones and Bellovaci, 12, 13; his prodigious slaughter of the Nervians, 20-27; obliges the Atuatici to submit, 32; prepares for the war against the Venetians, iii. 9; defeats them in a naval engagement, and totally subdues them, 14, 15; is obliged to put his army into winter quarters, before he can complete the reduction of the Menapians and Morini, 29; marches to find out the Germans; his answer to their ambassadors, iv. 8; attacks them in their camp and routs them, 14, 15; crosses the Rhine, and returns to Gaul, 17 —19; his expedition into Britain described, 22; refits his navy, 31; comes to the assistance of his foragers whom the Britons had attacked, 34; returns to Gaul, 36; gives orders for building a navy, v. 1; his preparations for a second expedition into Britain, 2; marches into the country of Treves to prevent a rebellion, 3; marches to Port Itius, and invites all the princes of Gaul to meet him there, 5; sets sail for Britain, 8; describes the country and customs of the inhabitants, 12; fords the river Thames, and puts Cassivellaunus, the leader of the Britons, to flight, 18; imposes a tribute upon the Britons and returns into Gaul, 23; routs the Nervians, and relieves Cicero, 51; resolves to winter in Gaul, 53; his second expedition into Germany, vi. 9; his description of the manners of the Gauls and Germans, 13; his return into Gaul, and vigorous prosecution of the war against Ambiorix, 27; crosses the mountains of the Cevennes in the midst of winter, and arrives at Auvergne, which submits, vii. 8; takes and sacks Genabum, 11; takes Noviodunum, and marches from thence to Avaricum, 12; his works before Alesia, 69; withstands all the attacks of the Gauls, and obliges the place to surrender, 89; marches into the country of the Biturigians, and compels them to submit, viii. 2; demands Guturvatus, who is delivered up and put to death, 38; marches to besiege Uxellodunum, 39; cuts off the hands of the besieged at Uxellodunum, 44; marches to Corfinium, and besieges it, C. i. 16, which in a short time surrenders, 22; he marches through Abruzzo, and great part of the kingdom of Naples, 23; his arrival at Brundusium, and blockade of the haven, 24; commits the siege of Marseilles to the case of Brutus and Trebonius, 36; his expedition to Spain, 37; his speech to Afranius, 85; comes to Marseilles, which surrenders. C. ii. 22; takes Oricum, iii. 8; marches to Dyrrhachium to cut off Pompey's communication with that place, 41; sends Canuleius into Epirus for corn, 42; besieges Pompey in his camp, his reasons for it, 43; encloses Pompey's works within his fortifications: a skirmish between them, 45; his army reduced to great straits for want of provisions, 47; offers Pompey battle, which he declines, 56; sends Clodius to Scipio, to treat about a peace, whose endeavours prove ineffectual, 57; joins Domitius, storms and takes the town of Gomphis in Thessaly, in four hours' time, 80; gains a complete victory over Pompey in the battle of Pharsalia, 93; summons Ptolemy and Cleopatra to attend him, 107; burns the Alexandrian fleet, 111
Caesarea, the chief city of Cappadocia
Caesia Sylva, the Caesian Forest, supposed to be a part of the Hercynian Forest, about the duchy of Cleves and Westphalia
Calagurritani, a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, inhabiting the province of Calahorra; send ambassadors to Caesar with an offer of submission, C. i. 60
Caletes, an ancient people of Belgic Gaul, inhabiting the country called Le Pais de Caulx, in Normandy, betwixt the Seine and the sea; they furnish ten thousand men in the general revolt of Belgium, G. ii. 4
Calydon, a city of Aetolia, Ayton, C. iii. 35
Camerinum, a city of Umbria, in Italy, Camarino
Campania, the most pleasant part of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, now called Terra di Lavoro
Campi Canini, a place in the Milanese, in Italy, not far from Belizona
Campi Catalaunici, supposed to be the large plain which begins about two miles from Chalons sur Marne
Camulogenus appointed commander-in-chief by the Parisians, G. vii. 57; obliges Labienus to decamp from before Paris, ibid.; is slain, 62
Cadavia, a country of Macedonia, Canovia
Caninefates, an ancient people of the lower part of Germany, near Batavia, occupying the country in which Gorckum, on the Maese, in South Holland, now is
Caninius sets Duracius at liberty, who had been shut up in Limonum by Dumnacus, G. viii. 26; pursues Drapes, 30; lays siege to Uxellodunum, 33
Cantabri, the Cantabrians, an ancient warlike people of Spain, properly of the provinces of Guipuscoa and Biscay; they are obliged by Afranius to furnish a supply of troops, C. i. 38
Cantium, a part of England, the county of Kent
Canusium, a city of Apulia, in Italy, Canosa. The splendid remains of antiquity discovered among the ruins of Canosa, together with its coins, establish the Grecian origin of the place
Cappadocia, a large country in Asia Minor, upon the Euxine Sea
Caprea, Capri, an island on the coast of Campania
Capua, Capha, a city in the kingdom of Naples, in the Provincia di Lavoro
Carales, a city of Sardinia, Cagliari
Caralitani, the people of Cagliari, in Sardinia; they declare against Pompey, and expel Cotta with his garrison, C. i. 30
Carcaso, a city of Gaul, Carcassone
Carmona, a town of Hispania Baetica, Carmone; declares for Caesar, and expels the enemy's garrison, C. ii. 19
Carni, an ancient people, inhabiting a part of Noricum, whose country is still called Carniola
Carnutes, an ancient people of France, inhabiting the territory now called Chartres; Caesar quarters some troops among them, G. ii. 35; they openly assassinate Tasgetins, G. v. 25; send ambassadors to Caesar and submit, vi. 4; offer to be the first in taking up alms against the Romans, vii. 2; attack the Biturigians, but are dispersed and put to flight by Caesar. viii. 5
Carpi, an ancient people near the Danube
Cassandrea, a city of Macedonia, Cassandria
Cassi, a people of ancient Britain, the hundred of Caishow, in Hertfordshire; they send ambassadors and submit to Caesar, G. v. 21
Caesilinum, a town in Italy, Castelluzzo
Cassivellaunus, chosen commander-in-chief of the confederate Britons, G. v. 11; endeavours in vain to stop the course of Caesar's conquests, 18; is obliged to submit, and accept Caesar's terms, 22
Cassius, Pompey's lieutenant, burns Caesar's fleet in Sicily, C. iii. 101
Castellum Menapiorum, Kessel, a town in Brabant, on the river Neerse, not far from the Maese
Casticus, the son of Catam['antaledes, solicited by Orgetorix to invade the liberty of his country, G. i. 3
Castra Posthumiana, a town in Hispania Baetica, Castro el Rio
Castra Vetera, an ancient city in Lower Germany, in the duchy of Cleves; some say where Santon, others where Byrthon now is
Castulonensis Saltus, a city of Hispania Tarraconensis, Castona la Vieja
Cativulcus takes up arms against the Romans at the instigation of Indutiomarus, G. v. 24; poisons himself, vi. 31
Cato of Utica, the source of his hatred to Caesar, C. i. 4; made praetor of Sicily, prepares for war, and abdicates his province, 30
Caturiges, an ancient people of Gaul, inhabiting the country of Embrun, or Ambrun, or Chagres; oppose Caesar's passage over the Alps, G. i. 10
Cavalry, their institution and manner of fighting among the Germans, G. i. 48, iv. 2
Cavarillus taken and brought before Caesar, G. vii. 62
Cavarinus, the Senones attempt to assassinate him, G. v. 54; Caesar orders him to attend him with the cavalry of the Senones, vi. 5
Cebenna Mons, the mountains of the Cevennes, in Gaul, separating the Helvians from Auvergne
Celeja, a city of Noricum Mediterraneum, now Cilley
Celtae, a people of Thrace, about the mountains of Rhodope and Haemus
Celtae, an ancient people of Gaul, in that part called Gallia Comata, between the Garumna (Garonne) and Sequana (Seine), from whom that country was likewise called Gallia Celtica. They were the most powerful of the three great nations that inhabited Gaul, and are supposed to be the original inhabitants of that extensive country. It is generally supposed that they called themselves Gail, or Gael, out of which name the Greeks formed their [Greek: Keltai, and the Romans Galli. Some, however, deduce the name from the Gaelic "Ceilt," an inhabitant of the forest
Celtiberi, an ancient people of Spain, descended from the Celtae, who settled about the River Iberus, or Ebro, from whom the country was called Celtiberia, now Arragon; Afranius obliges them to furnish a supply of troops, C. i. 38
Celtillus, the father of Vercingetorix, assassinated by the Arverni, G. vii. 4
Cenimagni, or Iceni, an ancient people of Britain, inhabiting the counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, and Huntingdonshire
Cenis Mons, that part of the Alps which separates Savoy from Piedmont
Cenni, an ancient people of Celtic extraction
Cenomani, a people of Gallia Celtica, in the country now called Le Manseau, adjoining to that of the Insubres
Centrones, an ancient people of Flanders, about the city of Courtray, dependent on the Nervians
Centrones, an ancient people of Gaul, inhabiting the country of Tarantaise
Cerauni Montes, Mountains of Epirus, Monti di Chimera
Cercina, an island on the coast of Africa, Chercara, Cercare
Cevennes, mountains of, Caesar passes them in the midst of winter, though covered with snow six feet deep, G. vii. 8
Chara, a root which served to support Caesar's army in extreme necessity, C. iii. 48; manner of preparing it, ibid.
Chariots, manner of fighting with them among the Britons, G. iv. 33; dexterity of the British charioteers, ibid.
Cherronesus, a peninsula of Africa, near Alexandria
Chersonesus Cimbrica, a peninsula on the Baltic, now Jutland, part of Holstein, Ditmarsh, and Sleswic
Cherusci, a great and warlike people of ancient Germany, between the Elbe and the Weser, about the country now called Mansfield, part of the duchy of Brunswick, and the dioceses of Hildesheim and Halberstadt. The Cherusci, under the command of Arminius (Hermann), lured the unfortunate Varus into the wilds of the Saltus Teutoburgiensis (Tutinger Wold), where they massacred him and his whole army. They were afterwards defeated by Germanicus, who, on his march through the forest so fatal to his countrymen, found the bones of the legions where they had been left to blanch by their barbarian conqueror.—See Tacitus's account of the March of the Roman Legions through the German forests, Annals, b. i. c. 71
Cicero, Quintus, attacked in his winter quarters by Ambiorix, G. v. 39; informs Caesar of his distress, who marches to relieve him, 46; attacked unexpectedly by the Sigambri, who are nevertheless obliged to retire, vi. 36
Cimbri, the Jutlanders, a very ancient northern people, who inhabited Chersonesus Cimbrica
Cingetorix, the leader of one of the factions among the Treviri, and firmly attached to Caesar, G. v. 3; declared a public enemy, and his goods confiscated by Indutiomarus, 56
Cingulum, a town of Picenum, in Italy, Cingoli
Cleopatra, engaged in a war with her brother Ptolemy, C. iii. 103
Clodius sent by Caesar to Scipio, to treat about a peace, but without effect, C. iii. 90
Cocasates, a people of Gaul, according to some the Bazadois
Caelius Rufus raises a sedition in Rome, C. iii. 20; is expelled that city, then joins with Milo, 21; he is killed, 22
Coimbra, an ancient city of Portugal, once destroyed, but now rebuilt, on the river Mendego
Colchis, a country in Asia, near Pontus, including the present Mingrelia and Georgia
Comana Pontica, a city of Asia Minor, Com, or, Tabachzan
Comana of Cappadocia, Arminacha
Comius sent by Caesar into Britain to dispose the British states to submit, G. iv. 21; persuades the Bellovaci to furnish their contingent to the relief of Alesia, vii. 76; his distrust of the Romans, occasioned by an attempt to assassinate him, viii. 23; harasses the Romans greatly, and intercepts their convoys, 47; attacks Volusenus Quadratus, and runs him through the thigh, 48; submits to Antony, on condition of not appearing in the presence of any Roman, ibid.
Compsa, a city of Italy, Conza, or Consa
Concordia, an ancient city of the province of Triuli, in Italy, now in ruins
Condrusi, or Condrusones, an ancient people of Belgium, dependent on the Treviri, whose country is now called Condrotz, between Liege and Namur
Conetodunus heads the Carnutes in their revolt from the Romans, and the massacre at Genabum, G. vii. 3
Confluens Mosae et Rheni, the confluence of the Meuse and Rhine, or the point where the Meuse joins the Vahalis, or Waal, which little river branches out from the Rhine
Convictolitanis, a division on his account among the Aeduans, C. vii. 32; Caesar confirms his election to the supreme magistracy, 33; he persuades Litavicus and his brothers to rebel, 37
Corcyra, an island of Epirus, Corfu
Corduba, a city of Hispania Baetica, Cordova; Caesar summons the leading men of the several states of Spain to attend him there, C. ii. 19; transactions of that assembly, 21
Corfinium, a town belonging to the Peligni, in Italy, St. Pelino, al. Penlina; Caesar lays siege to it, C. i. 16; and obliges it to surrender, 24
Corinth, a famous and rich city of Achaia, in Greece, in the middle of the Isthmus going into Peloponnesus
Corneliana Castra, a city of Africa, between Carthage and Utica
Correus, general of the Bellovaci, with six thousand foot, and a thousand horse, lies in ambush for the Roman foragers, and attacks the Roman cavalry with a small party, but is routed and killed, G. viii. 19
Corsica, a considerable island in the Mediterranean Sea, near Sardinia, which still retains its name
Cosanum, a city of Calabria, in Italy, Cassano
Cotta, L. Aurunculeius, dissents from Sabinus in relation to the advice given them by Ambiorix, G. v. 28; his behaviour when attacked by the Gauls, 33; is slain, with the great part of his men, after a brave resistance, 37
Cotuatus and Conetodunus massacre all the Roman merchants at Genabum, G. vii. 3
Cotus, a division on his account among the Aeduans, G. vii. 32; obliged to desist from his pretensions to the supreme magistracy, 33
Crassus, P., his expedition into Aquitaine, G. iii. 20; reduces the Sotiates, 22; and other states, obliging them to give hostages, 27
Crastinus, his character, and courage at the battle of Pharsalia, C. iii. 91; where he is killed, 99
Cremona, an ancient city of Gallia Cisalpina, which retains its name to this day, and is the metropolis of the Cremonese, in Italy
Crete, one of the noblest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, now called Candia
Critognatus, his extraordinary speech and proposal to the garrison of Alesia, G. vii. 77
Curio obliges Cato to abandon the defence of Cicily, C. i. 30; sails for Africa, and successfully attacks Varus, ii. 25; his speech to revive the courage of his men, 32; defeats Varus, 34; giving too easy credit to a piece of false intelligence, is cut off with his whole army, 42
Curiosolitae, a people of Gaul, inhabiting Cornoualle, in Bretagne
Cyclades, islands in the Aegean Sea, L'Isole dell' Archipelago
Cyprus, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, between Syria and Cilicia, Cipro
Cyrene, an ancient and once a fine city of Africa, situate over against Matapan, the most southern cape of Morea, Cairoan
Cyzicus, Atraki, formerly one of the largest cities of Asia Minor, in an island of the same name, in the Black Sea
Dacia, an ancient country of Scythia, beyond the Danube, containing part of Hungary, Transylvania, Walachia, and Moldavia
Dalmatia, a part of Illyricum, now called Sclavonia, lying between Croatia, Bosnia, Servia, and the Adriatic Gulf
Danubius, the largest river in Europe, which rises in the Black Forest, and after flowing through that country, Bavaria, Austria, Hungary, Servia, Bulgaria, Moldavia, and Bessarabia, receiving in its course a great number of noted rivers, some say sixty, and 120 minor streams, falls into the Black or Euxine Sea, in two arms
Dardania, the ancient name of a country in Upper Moesia, which became afterwards a part of Dacia; Rascia, and part of Servia
Decetia, a town in Gaul,Decise, on the Loire
Delphi, a city of Achaia, Delpho, al. Salona
Delta, a very considerable province of Egypt, at the mouth of the Nile, Errif
Diablintes, an ancient people of Gaul, inhabiting the country called Le Perche; al. Diableres, in Bretagne; al. Lintes of Brabant; al. Lendoul, over against Britain
Divitiacus, the Aeduan, his attachment to the Romans and Caesar, G. i. 19; Caesar, for his sake, pardons his brother Dumnorix, ibid.; he complains to Caesar, in behalf of the rest of the Gauls, of the cruelty of Ariovistus, 31; marches against the Bellovaci create a diversion in favour of Caesar, ii. 10; intercedes for the Bellovaci, and obtains their pardon from Caesar, 14; goes to Rome to implore aid of the senate, but without effect, vi. 12
Domitius Ahenobarbus, besieged by Caesar in Corfinium, writes to Pompey for assistance, C. i. 15; seized by his own troops, who offer to deliver him up to Caesar, 20; Caesar's generous behaviour towards him, 23; he enters Marseilles, and is entrusted with the supreme command, 36; is defeated in a sea fight by Decimus Brutus, 58; escapes with great difficulty a little before the surrender of Marseilles, ii. 22
Domitius Calvinus, sent by Caesar into Macedonia, comes very opportunely to the relief of Cassius Longinus, C. iii. 34; gains several advantages over Scipio, 32
Drapes, in conjunction with Luterius, seizes Uxellodunum, G. viii. 30; his camp stormed, and himself made prisoner, 29; he starves himself, 44
Druids, priests so called, greatly esteemed in Gaul, and possessed of many valuable privileges, G. vi. 13
Dubis, a river of Burgundy, Le Doux
Dumnacus besieges Duracius in Limonum, G. viii. 26; is defeated by Fabius, 27
Dumnorix, the brother of Divitiacus, his character, G. i. 15; persuades the noblemen of Gaul not to go with Caesar into Britain, v. 5; deserts, and is killed for his obstinacy, 6
Duracius besieged in Limonum by Dumnacus, general of the Andes, G. viii. 26
Durocortorum, a city of Gaul, Rheims
Dyrrhachium, a city of Macedonia, Durazzo, Drazzi; Caesar endeavours to enclose Pompey within his lines near that place, C. iii. 41
Eburones, an ancient people of Germany, inhabiting part of the country, now the bishopric of Liege, and the county of Namur. Caesar takes severe vengeance on them for their perfidy, G. vi. 34, 35
Eburovices, a people of Gaul, inhabiting the country of Evreux, in Normandy; they massacre their senate, and join with Viridovix, G. iii. 17
Egypt, see Aegypt
Elaver, a river of Gaul, the Allier
Eleuteti Cadurci, a branch of the Cadurci, in Aquitania. They are called in many editions Eleutheri Cadurci, but incorrectly, since Eleutheri is a term of Greek origin, and besides could hardly be applied to a Gallic tribe like the Eleuteti, who, in place of being free [Greek: eleutheroi, seem to have been clients of the Arverni; they furnish troops to the relief of Alesia, G. vii. 75
Elis, a city of Peloponnesus, Belvidere
Elusates, an ancient people of Gaul, inhabiting the country of Euse, in Gascony
Ephesus, an ancient and celebrated city of Asia Minor, Efeso; the temple of Diana there in danger of being stripped, G. iii. 32
Epidaurus, a maritime city of Dalmatia, Ragusa
Epirus, a country in Greece, between Macedonia, Achaia, and the Ionian Sea, by some now called Albania inferior
Eporedorix, treacherously revolts from Caesar, G. vii. 54
Essui, a people of Gaul; the word seems to be a corruption from Aedui, C. v. 24
Etesian winds detain Caesar at Alexandria, which involves him in a new war, C. iii. 107
Eusubii, corrupted from Unelli, or Lexovii, properly the people of Lisieux, in Normandy
Fabius, C., one of Caesar's lieutenants, sent into Spain, with three legions, C. i. 37; builds two bridges over the Segre for the convenience of foraging, 40
Fanum, a city of Umbria in Italy, Fano, C. i. 11
Fortune, her wonderful power and influence on matters of war, G. vi. 30
Faesulae, Fiesoli, an ancient city of Italy, in the duchy of Florence, anciently one of the twelve considerable cities of Etruria.
Flavum, anciently reckoned the eastern mouth of the Rhine, now called the Ulie, and is a passage out of the Zuyder Sea into the North Sea
Gabali, an ancient people of Gaul, inhabiting the country of Givaudan. Their chief city was Anduitum, now Mende, G. vii. 64; they join the general confederacy of Vercingetorix, and give hostages to Luterius, G. vii. 7
Gaditani, the people of Gades, C. ii. 18
Galatia, a country in Asia Minor, lying between Cappadocia, Pontus, and Paphlagonia, now called Chiangare
Galba Sergius, sent against the Nantuates, Veragrians, and Seduni, G. iii. 1; the barbarians attack his camp unexpectedly, but are repulsed with great loss, iii. 6
Galli, the Gauls, the people of ancient Gaul, now France; their country preferable to that of the Germans, G. i. 31; their manner of attacking towns, ii.6; of greater stature than the Romans, 30; quick and hasty in their resolves, iii.8; forward in undertaking wars, but soon fainting under misfortunes, 19; their manners, chiefs, druids, discipline, cavalry, religion, origin, marriages, and funerals, vi.13; their country geographically described, i.1
Gallia, the ancient and renowned country of Gaul, now France. It was divided by the Romans into—
Gallia Cisalpina, Tonsa, or Togata, now Lombardy, between the Alps and the river Rubicon: and—
Gallia Transalpina, or Comata, comprehending France, Holland, the Netherlands: and farther subdivided into—
Gallia Belgica, now a part of Lower Germany, and the Netherlands, with Picardy; divided by Augustus into Belgica and Germania and the latter into Prima and Secunda
Gallia Celtica, now France properly so called, divided by Augustus into Lugdunensis, and Rothomagensis
Gallia Aquitanica, now Gascony; divided by Augustus into Prima, Secunda, and Tertia: and—
Gallia Narbonensis, or Braccata, now Languedoc, Dauphiny, and Provence
Gallograecia, a country of Asia Minor, the same as Galatia
Garites, a people of Gaul, inhabiting the country now called Gavre, Gavaraan
Garoceli, or Graioceli, an ancient people of Gaul, about Mount Genis, or Mount Genevre others place them in the Val de Gorienne; they oppose Caesar's passage over the Alps, G. i. 10
Garumna, the Garonne, one of the largest rivers of France, which, rising in the Pyrenees, flows through Guienne, forms the vast Bay of Garonne, and falls, by two mouths, into the British Seas. The Garonne is navigable as far as Toulouse, and communicates with the Mediterranean by means of the great canal, G. i. 1
Garumni, an ancient people of Gaul, in the neighbourhood of the Garonne, G. iii. 27
Geldura, a fortress of the Ubii, on the Rhine, not improbably the present village of Gelb, on that river eleven German miles from Neus
Genabum, Orleans, an ancient town in Gaul, famous for the massacre of the Roman citizens committed there by the Carnutes
Geneva, a city of Savoy, now a free republic, upon the borders of Helvetia, where the Rhone issues from the Lake Lemanus, anciently a city of the Allobroges
Genusus, a river of Macedonia, uncertain
Gergovia, the name of two cities in ancient Gaul, the one belonging to the Boii, the other to the Arverni. The latter was the only Gallic city which baffled the attacks of Caesar
Gergovia of the Averni, Vercingetorix expelled thence by Gobanitio, G. vii. 4; the Romans attacking it eagerly, are repulsed with great slaughter, 50
Gergovia of the Boii, besieged in vain by Vercingetorix, G. vii. 9
Germania, Germany, one of the largest countries of Europe, and the mother of those nations which, on the fall of the Roman empire, conquered all the rest. The name appears to be derived from wer, war, and man, a man, and signifies the country of warlike men
Germans, habituated from their infancy to arms, G. i. 36; their manner of training their cavalry, 48; their superstition 50; defeated by Caesar, 53; their manners, religion, vi. 23; their huge stature and strength, G. i. 39
Getae, an ancient people of Scythia, who inhabited betwixt Moesia and Dacia, on each side of the Danube. Some think their country the same with the present Walachia, or Moldavia
Getulia, a province in the kingdom of Morocco, in Barbary
Gomphi, a town in Thessaly, Gonfi, refusing to open its gates to Caesar, is stormed and taken, C. iii. 80
Gorduni, a people of Belgium, the ancient inhabitants of Ghent, according to others of Courtray; they join with Ambiorix in his attack of Cicero's camp, G. v. 39
Gotini, an ancient people of Germany, who were driven out of their country by Maroboduus Graecia, Greece, a large part of Europe, called by the Turks Romelia, containing many countries, provinces, and islands, once the nursery of arts, learning, and sciences
Graioceli, see Garoceli
Grudii, the inhabitants about Louvaine, or, according to some, about Bruges; they join with Ambiorix in his attack of Cicero's camp, G. v. 39
Gugerni, a people of ancient Germany, who dwelt on the right banks of the Rhine, between the Ubii and the Batavi
Guttones, or Gythones, an ancient people of Germany, inhabiting about the Vistula
Haemus, a mountain dividing Moesia and Thrace, Argentaro
Haliacmon, a river of Macedonia, uncertain; Scipio leaves Favonius with orders to build a fort on that river, C. iii. 36
Harudes, or Harudi, a people of Gallia Celtica, supposed to have been originally Germans: and by some to have inhabited the country about Constance Helvetia, Switzerland, now divided into thirteen cantons
Helvetii, the Helvetians, or Switzers, ancient inhabitants of the country of Switzerland; the most warlike people of Gaul, G. i. 1; their design of abandoning their own country, 2; attacked with considerable loss near the river Sa[^one, 12; vanquished and obliged to return home by Caesar, 26
Helvii, an ancient people of Gaul, inhabiting the country now possessed by the Vivarois; Caesar marches into their territories, G. vii. 7
Heraclea, a city of Thrace, on the Euxine Sea, Pantiro
Heraclea Sentica, a town in Macedonia, Chesia
Hercynia Silva, the Hercinian Forest, the largest forest of ancient Germany, being reckoned by Caesar to have been sixty days' journey in length, and nine in breadth. Many parts of it have been since cut down, and many are yet remaining; of which, among others, is that called the Black Forest; its prodigious extent, G. vi. 4
Hermanduri, an ancient people of Germany, particularly in the country now called Misnia, in Upper Saxony; though they possessed a much larger tract of land, according to some, all Bohemia
Herminius Mons, a mountain of Lusitania, Monte Armino; according to others, Monte della Strella
Heruli, an ancient northern people, who came first out of Scandavia, but afterwards inhabited the country now called Mecklenburg in Lower Saxony, towards the Baltic
Hibernia, Ireland, a considerable island to the west of Great Britain, G. v. 13
Hispania, Spain, one of the most considerable kingdoms of Europe, divided by the ancients into Tarraconensis, Baetica, and Lusitania. This name appears to be derived from the Phoenician Saphan, a rabbit, vast numbers of these animals being found there by the Phoenician colonists
Iberus, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis, the Ebro, C. i. 60
Iccius, or Itius Portus, a seaport town of ancient Gaul; Boulogne, or, according to others, Calais
Igilium, an island in the Tuscan Sea, il Giglio, l'Isle du Lys
Iguvium, a city of Umbria in Italy, Gubio; it forsakes Pompey, and submits to Caesar, C. i. 12
Illurgavonenses, a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, near the Iberus; they submit to Caesar, and supply him with corn, C. i. 60
Illurgis, a town of Hispania Baetica, Illera
Indutiomarus, at the head of a considerable faction among the Treviri, G. v. 3; endeavouring to make himself master of Labienus's camp, is repulsed and slain, 53
Isara, the Is[`ere, a river of France, which rises in Savoy, and falls into the Rhone above Valance
Isauria, a province anciently of Asia Minor, now a part of Caramania,and subject to the Turks
Issa (an island of the Adriatic Sea, Lissa), revolts from Caesar at the instigation of Octavius, C. iii. 9
Ister, that part of the Danube which passed by Illyricum
Istria, a country now in Italy, under the Venetians, bordering on Illyricum, so called from the river Ister
Istropolis, a city of Lower Moesia, near the south entrance of the Danube, Prostraviza
Italia, Italy, one of the most famous countries in Europe, once the seat of the Roman empire, now under several princes, and free commonwealths
Italica, a city of Hispania Baetica, Servila la Veja; according to others, Alcala del Rio; shuts its gates against Varro, C. ii. 20
Itius Portus, Caesar embarks there for Britain, G. v. 5
Ituraea, a country of Palestine, Sacar
Jacetani, or Lacetani, a people of Spain, near the Pyrenean Mountains; revolt from Afranius and submit to Caesar, C. i. 60
Jadertini, a people so called from their capital Jadera, a city of Illyricum, Zara
Juba, king of Numidia, strongly attached to Pompey, C. ii. 25; advances with a large army to the relief of Utica, 36; detaches a part of his troops to sustain Sabura, 40; defeats Cario, ii. 42; his cruelty, ii. 44
Jura, a mountain in Gallia Belgica, which separated the Sequani from the Helvetians, most of which is now called Mount St. Claude. The name appears to be derived from the Celtic, jou-rag, which signifies the "domain of God;" the boundary of the Helvetians towards the Sequani, G. i. 2
Labienus, one of Caesar's lieutenants, is attacked in his camp, G. v. 58, vi. 6; his stratagem, G. vii. 60; battle with the Gauls, G. vii. 59; is solicited by Caesar's enemies to join their party, G. viii. 52; built the town of Cingulum, C. i. 15; swears to follow Pompey, C. iii. 13; his dispute with Valerius about a peace, C. iii. 19; his cruelty towards Caesar's followers, C. iii. 71; flatters Pompey, C. iii. 87
Lacus Benacus, Lago di Guardo, situated in the north of Italy, between Verona, Brescia, and Trent
Lacus Lemanus, the lake upon which Geneva stands, formed by the River Rhone, between Switzerland to the north, and Savoy to the south, commonly called the Lake of Geneva, G. i. 2, 8
Larinates, the people of Larinum, a city of Italy, Larino; C. i. 23
Larissa, the principal city of Thessaly, a province of Macedonia, on the river Peneo
Latini, the inhabitants of Latium, an ancient part of Italy, whence the Latin tongue is so called
Latobrigi, a people of Gallia Belgica, between the Allobroges and Helvetii, in the country called Lausanne; abandon their country, G. i. 5; return, G. i. 28; their number, G. i. 29
Lemnos, an island in the Aegean Sea, now called Stalimane
Lemovices, an ancient people of Gaul, le Limosin, G. vii. 4
Lemovices Armorici, the people of St. Paul de Leon
Lenium, a town in Lusitania, unknown
Lentulus Marcellinus, the quaestor, one of Caesar's followers, C. iii. 62
Lentulus and Marcellus, the consuls, Caesar's enemies, G. viii. 50; leave Rome through fear of Caesar, C. i. 14
Lenunculi, fishing-boats, C. ii. 43
Lepontii, a people of the Alps, near the valley of Leventini, G. iv. 10
Leuci, a people of Gallia Belgica, where now Lorrain is, well skilled in darting. Their chief city is now called Toul, G. i. 40
Levaci, a people of Brabant, not far from Louvain, whose chief town is now called Leew; dependants on the Nervii, G. v. 39
Lex, law of the Aedui respecting the election of magistrates, G. vii. 33
Lex, Julian law, C. ii. 14
Lex, the Pompeian law respecting bribery, C. iii. 1
Lex, two Caelian laws, C. iii. 20, 21
Lexovii, an ancient people of Gaul, Lisieux in Normandy, G. iii. 11, 17
Liberty of the Gauls, G. iii. 8; the desire of, G. v. 27; the sweetness of, G. iii. 10; the incitement to, G. vii. 76; C. i. 47
Libo, praefect of Pompey's fleet, C. iii. 5; converses with Caesar at Oricum, C. iii. 16; takes possession of the Island at Brundisium, C. iii. 23; threatens the partisans of Caesar, C. iii. 24; withdraws from Brundisium, ibid.
Liburni, an ancient people of Illyricum, inhabiting part of the present Croatia
Liger, or Ligeris, the Loire; one of the greatest and most celebrated rivers of France, said to receive one hundred and twelve rivers in its course; it rises in Velay, and falls into the Bay of Aquitain, below Nantz, G. iii. 5
Liguria, a part of ancient Italy, extending from the Apennines to the Tuscan Sea, containing Ferrara, and the territories of Genoa
Limo, or Limonum, a city of ancient Gaul, Poitiers
Lingones, a people of Gallia Belgica, inhabiting in and about Langres, in Champagne, G. i. 26, 40
Liscus, one of the Aedui, accuses Dumnorix to Caesar, G. i. 16, 17
Lissus, an ancient city of Macedonia, Alessio
Litavicus, one of the Aedui, G. vii. 37; his treachery and flight, G. vii. 38
Lucani, an ancient people of Italy, inhabiting the country now called Basilicate
Luceria, an ancient city of Italy, Lucera
Lucretius Vespillo, one of Pompey's followers, C. iii. 7
Lucterius or Laterius, one of the Cadurci, vii. 5, 7
Lusitania, Portugal, a kingdom on the west of Spain, formerly a part of it
Lusitanians, light-armed troops, C. i. 48
Lutetia, Paris, an ancient and famous city, now the capital of all France, on the river Seine
Lygii, an ancient people of Upper Germany, who inhabited the country now called Silesia, and on the borders of Poland
Macedonia, a large country, of great antiquity and fame, containing several provinces, now under the Turks
Macedonian cavalry among Pompey's troops, C. iii. 4
Maeotis Palus, a vast lake in the north part of Scythia, now called Marbianco, or Mare della Tana. It is about six hundred miles in compass, and the river Tanais disembogues itself into it
Magetobria, or Amagetobria, a city of Gaul, near which Ariovistus defeated the combined forces of the Gauls. It is supposed to correspond to the modern Moigte de Broie, near the village of Pontailler
Mandubii, an ancient people of Gaul, l'Anxois, in Burgundy; their famine and misery, G. vii. 78
Mandubratius, a Briton, G. v. 20
Marcellus, Caesar's enemy, G. viii 53
Marcius Crispus, is sent for a protection to the inhabitants of Thabena
Marcomanni, a nation of the Suevi, whom Cluverius places between the Rhine, the Danube and the Neckar; who settled, however, under Maroboduus, in Bohemia and Moravia. The name Marcomanni signifies border-men. Germans, G. i. 51
Marrucini, an ancient people of Italy, inhabiting the country now called Abruzzo, C. i. 23; ii. 34
Mars, G. vi. 17
Marsi, an ancient people of Italy inhabiting the country now called Ducato de Marsi, C. ii. 27
Massilia, Marseilles, a large and flourishing city of Provence, in France, on the Mediterranean, said to be very ancient, and, according to some, built by the Phoenicians, but as Justin will have it, by the Phocaeans, in the time of Tarquinius, king of Rome
Massilienses, the inhabitants of Marseilles, C. i. 34-36
Matisco, an ancient city of Gaul, Mascon, G. vii. 90
Matrona, a river in Gaul, the Marne, G. i. 1
Mauritania, Barbary, an extensive region of Africa, divided into M. Caesariensis, Tingitana, and Sitofensis
Mediomatrices, a people of Lorrain, on the Moselle, about the city of Mentz, G. iv. 10
Mediterranean Sea, the first discovered sea in the world, still very famous, and much frequented, which breaks in from the Atlantic Ocean, between Spain and Africa, by the straits of Gibraltar, or Hercules' Pillar, the ne plus ultra of the ancients
Meldae, according to some the people of Meaux; but more probably corrupted from Belgae
Melodunum, an ancient city of Gaul, upon the Seine, above Paris, Melun, G. vii. 58, 60
Menapii, an ancient people of Gallia Belgica, who inhabited on both sides of the Rhine. Some take them for the inhabitants of Cleves, and others of Antwerp, Ghent, etc., G. ii. 4; iii. 9
Menedemus, C. iii. 34
Mercurius, G. v. 17
Mesopotamia, a large country in the middle of Asia, between the Tigris and the Euphrates, Diarbeck
Messana, an ancient and celebrated city of Sicily, still known by the name of Messina, C. iii. 101
Metaurus, a river of Umbria, now called Metoro, in the duchy of Urbino
Metiosedum, an ancient city of Gaul, on the Seine, below Paris, Corbeil, G. vii. 61
Metropolis, a city of Thessaly, between Pharsalus and Gomphi, C. iii. 11
Milo, C. iii. 21
Minerva, G. vi. 12
Minutius Rufus, C. iii. 7
Mitylene, a city of Lesbos, Metelin
Moesia, a country of Europe, and a province of the ancient Illyricum, bordering on Pannonia, divided into the Upper, containing Bosnia and Servia, and the Lower, called Bulgaria
Mona, in Caesar, the Isle of Man; in Ptolemy, Anglesey, G. v. 13
Morini, an ancient people of the Low Countries, who probably inhabited on the present coast of Bologne, on the confines of Picardy and Artois, because Caesar observes that from their country was the nearest passage to Britain, G. ii. 4
Moritasgus, G. v. 54
Mosa, the Maess, or Meuse, a large river of Gallia Belgica, which falls into the German Ocean below the Briel, G. iv. 10
Mosella, the Moselle, a river which, running through Lorrain, passes by Triers and falls unto the Rhine at Coblentz, famous for the vines growing in the neighbourhood of it
Mysia, a country of Asia Minor, not far from the Hellespont, divided Into Major and Minor
Nabathaei, an ancient people of Arabia, uncertain
Nannetes, an ancient people of Gaul, inhabiting the country about Nantes, G. iii. 9
Nantuates, an ancient people of the north part of Savoy, whose country is now called Le Chablais, G. iii. 1
Narbo, Narbonne, an ancient Roman city in Languedoc, in France, said to be built a hundred and thirty-eight years before the birth of Christ, G. iii. 20
Narisci, the ancient people of the country now called Nortgow, in Germany, the capital of which is the famous city of Nuremburg
Nasua, the brother of Cimberius, and commander of the hundred cantons of the Suevi, who encamped on the banks of the Rhine with the intention of crossing that river, G. i. 37
Naupactus, an ancient and considerable city of Aetolia, now called Lepanto, C. iii. 35
Nemetes, a people of ancient Germany, about the city of Spire, on the Rhine, G. i. 51
Nemetocenna, a town of Belgium, not known for certain; according to some, Arras, G. viii, 47
Neocaesarea, the capital of Ponts, on the river Licus, now called Tocat
Nervii, an ancient people of Gallia Belgica, thought to have dwelt in the now diocese of Cambray. They attacked Caesar on his march, and fought until they were almost annihilated, G. ii. 17
Nessus, or Nestus, a river is Thrace, Nesto Nicaea, a city of Bithynia, now called Isnick, famous for the first general council, anno 324, against Arianism
Nitobriges, an ancient people of Gaul, whose territory lay on either side of the Garonne, and corresponded to the modern Agennois, in the department of Lot-et-Garonne. Their capital was Agrimum, now Agen, G. vii. 7, 31, 46, 75
Noreia, a city on the borders of Illyricum, in the province of Styria, near the modern village of Newmarket, about nine German miles from Aquileia, G. i. 5
Noricae Alpes, that part of the Alps which were in, or bordering upon, Noricum
Noricum, anciently a large country, and now comprehending a great part of Austria, Styria, Carinthia, part of Tyrol, Bavaria, etc., and divided into Noricum Mediterraneum and Ripense. It was first conquered by the Romans under Tiberius, in the reign of Augustus, and was celebrated for its mineral treasures, especially iron
Noviodunum Belgarum, an ancient city of Belgic Gaul, now called Noyon
Noviodunum Biturigum, Neuvy, or Neufvy, G. vii. 12
Noviodunum Aeduorum, Nevers, G. vii. 55
Noviodunum Suessionum, Soissons, al. Noyon, G. ii. 12
Noviomagum, Spire, an ancient city of Germany, in the now upper circle of the Rhine, and on that river
Numantia, a celebrated city of ancient Spain, famous for a gallant resistance against the Romans, in a siege of fourteen years; Almasan
Numeius, G. i. 7
Numidae, the inhabitants of, G. ii. 7
Numidia, an ancient and celebrated kingdom of Africa, bordering on Mauritania; Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, etc.
Nymphaeum, a promontory of Illyricum, exposed to the south wind, and distant about three miles from Lissus, Alessio, C. iii. 26
Ocelum, a town situated among the Cottian Alps, Usseau in Piedmont, G. i. 10
Octavius, C. iii. 9
Octodurus, a town belonging to the Veragrians, among the Pennine Alps, now Martigny in the Valois, G. iii. 1 Octogesa, a city of Hispania Tarraconensis, Mequinenza, C. i. 61
Ollovico, G. vii. 31
Orchomenus, a town in Boeotia, Orcomeno, C. iii. 5 5
Orcynia, the name given by Greek writers to the Hercynian forest
Orgetorix, G. i. 2, 3
Oricum, a town in Epirus, Orco, or Orcha, C. iii. 11, 12
Oscenses, the people of Osca, a town in Hispania Tarraconensis, now Huescar, C. i. 60
Osismii, an ancient people of Gaul, one of the Gentes Armoricae. Their country occupied part of Neodron Brittany; capital Vorganium, afterwards Osismii, and now Korbez. In this territory also stood Brivatas Portus, now Brest, G. i. 34
Otacilii, C. iii. 28
Padua, the Po, the largest river in Italy, which rises in Piedmont, and dividing Lombardy into two parts, falls into the Adriatic Sea, by many mouths; south of Venice
Paemani, an ancient people of Gallia Belgica; according to some, those of Luxemburg; according to others, the people of Pemont, near the Black Forest, in part of the modern Lugen, G. ii. 4
Palaeste, a town in Epirus, near Oricurn
Pannonia, a very large country in the ancient division of Europe, divided into the Upper and Lower, and comprehended betwixt Illyricum, the Danube, and the mountains Cethi
Parisii, an ancient people of Gaul, inhabiting the country now called the Isle of France. Their capital was Lutetia, afterwards Parisii, now Paris, G. vi. 3
Parthia, a country in Asia, lying between Media, Caramania, and the Hyreanian Sea
Parthians at war with Rome, C. iii. 31
Parthini, a people of Macedonia; their chief city taken by storm, C. iii. 41
Peligni, a people of Italy in Abruzzo, C. i. 15
Peloponnesus, the Morea, a famous, large, and fruitful peninsula of Greece, now belonging to the Venetians
Pelusium, an ancient and celebrated city of Egypt, Belbais; Pompey goes to it, C. iii. 103; taken by Mithridates
Pergamus, an ancient and famous city of Mysia, Pergamo
Perinthus, a city of Thrace, about a day's journey west of Constantinople, now in a decaying condition, and called Heraclea
Persia, one of the largest, most ancient and celebrated kingdoms of Asia
Petra, an ancient city of Macedonia, uncertain
Petreius, one of Pompey's lieutenants, C. i. 38
Petrogorii, a country in Gaul, east of the mouth of the Garumna; their chief city was Vesuna, afterwards Petrocorii, now Perigueux, the capital of Perigord
Peucini, the inhabitants of the islands of Peuce, in one of the mouths of the Danube
Pharsalia, a part of Thessaly, famous for the battle between Caesar and Pompey, which decided the fate of the Roman commonwealth
Pharus, an isle facing the port of Alexandria in ancient Egypt; Farion
Phasis, a large river in Colchis, now called Fasso, which flows into the Euxine Sea
Philippi, a city of Macedonia, on the confines of Thrace, Filippo
Philippopolis, a city of Thrace, near the river Hebrus, Filippopoli
Phrygia, two countries in Asia Minor, one called Major, the other Minor
Picenum, an ancient district of Italy, lying eastward of Umbria; the March of Ancona; according to others, Piscara
Picti, Picts, an ancient barbarous northern people, who by inter- marriages became, in course of time, one nation with the Scots; but are originally supposed to have come out of Denmark or Scythia, to the Isles of Orkney, and from thence into Scotland
Pictones, an ancient people of Gaul, along the southern bank of the Liger, or Loire. Their capital was Limonum, afterwards Pictones, now Paitross, in the department de la Vienne, G. iii. 11
Pirustae, an ancient people of Dalmatia, Illyricum, on the confines of Pannonia. They are the same as the Pyraci of Pliny (H. N. iii. 22), G. v. i
Pisaurum, a city of Umbria in Italy, Pisaro
Piso, an Aquitanian, slain, G. iv. 12
Placentia, an ancient city of Gallia Cisalpina, near the Po, now the metropolis of the duchy of Piacenza, which name it also bears
Pleumosi, an ancient people of Gallia Belgica, subject to the Nervians, and inhabiting near Tournay
Pompey, at first friendly to Caesar, G. vi. 1; subsequently estranged, G. viii. 53; could not bear an equal his authority, power, and influence, C. i. 61; sends ambassadors to Caesar, C. i. 8, 10; always received great respect from Caesar, C. i. 8; Caesar desires to bring him to an engagement, C. iii. 66; his unfortunate flight, C. iii. 15, 94, 102; his death, C. iii. 6, 7.
Pomponius, C. iii. 101
Pontus Euxinus, the Euxine, or Black Sea, from the Aegean along the Hellespont, to the Maeotic Lake, between Europe and Asia
Posthumiana Castra, an ancient town in Hispania Baetica, now called Castro el Rio
Pothinus, king Ptolemy's tutor, C. iii. 108; his death, C. iii. 112
Praeciani, an ancient people of Gaul, Precius; they surrendered to the Romans, G. iii. 27
Provincia Romana, or Romanorum, one of the southern provinces of France, the first the Romans conquered and brought into the form of a province, whence it obtained its name; which it still in some degree retains, being called at this day Provence. It extended from the Pyrenees to the Alps, along the coast. Provence is only part of the ancient Provincia, which in its full extent included the departments of Pyr['en['ees-Orientales, l'Arri[`ege, Aude[**Note: misprint "Ande" in the original, Haute Garonne, Tarn, Herault, Gard, Vaucluse, Bouches-du- Rh[^one, Var, Basses-Alpes, Hautes-Alpes, La Dr[^ome, l'Is[`ere, l'Ain
Prusa, or Prusas, Bursa, a city of Bithynia, at the foot of Olympus, built by Hannibal
Ptolemaeius, Caesar interferes between him and Cleopatra, C. iii. 107; his father's will, C. iii. 108; Caesar takes the royal youth into his power, C. iii. 109
Ptolemais, an ancient city of Africa, St. Jean d'Acre
Publius Attius Varus, one of Pompey's generals, C. ii. 23 Pyrenaei Montes, the Pyrenees, or Pyrenean mountains, one of the largest chains of mountains in Europe, which divide Spain from France, running from east to west eighty-five leagues in length. The name is derived from the Celtic Pyren or Pyrn, a high mountain, hence also Brenner, in the Tyrol
Ravenna, a very ancient city of Italy, near the coast of the Adriatic Gulf, which still retains its ancient name. In the decline of the Roman empire, it was sometimes the seat of the emperors of the West; as it was likewise of the Visi-Gothic kingdom, C. i. 5
Rauraci, a people of ancient Germany, near the Helvetii, who inhabited near where Basle in Switzerland now is; they unite with the Helvetii, and leave home, G. i. 5, 29
Rebilus, one of Caesar's lieutenants, a man of great military experience, C. ii. 34
Remi, the people of Rheims, a very ancient, fine, and populous city of France, in the province of Champagne, on the river Vesle; surrender to Caesar, G. ii. 3; their influence and power with Caesar, G. v. 54; vi. 64; they fall into an ambuscade of the Bellovaci, G. viii. 12
Rh[-edones, an ancient people of Gaul inhabiting about Rennes, in Bretagne; they surrender to the Romans, G. ii. 34
Rhaetia, the country of the Grisons, on the Alps, near the Hercynian Forest
Rhenus, the Rhine, a large and famous river in Germany, which it formerly divided from Gaul. It springs out of the Rhaetian Alps, in the western borders of Switzerland, and the northern of the Grisons, from two springs which unite near Coire, and falls into the Meuse and the German Ocean, by two mouths, whence Virgil calls it Rhenus bicornis. It passes through Lacus Brigantinus, or the Lake of Constance, and Lacus Acronius or the Lake of Zell, and then continues its westerly direction to Basle (Basiliae). It then bends northward, and separates Germany from France, and further down Germany from Belgium. At Schenk the Rhine sends off its left-hand branch, the Vahalis (Waal), by a western course to join the Mosa or Meuse. The Rhine then flows on a few miles, and again separates into two branches—the one to the right called the Flevo, or Felvus, or Flevum—now the Yssel, and the other called the Helium, now the Leek. The latter joins the Mosa above Rotterdam. The Yssel was first connected with the Rhine by the canal of Drusus. It passed through the small lake of Flevo before reaching the sea which became expanded into what is now called the Zuyder Zee by increase of water through the Yssel from the Rhine. The whole course of the Rhine is nine hundred miles, of which six hundred and thirty are navigable from Basle to the sea.—G. iv. 10, 16, 17; vi. 9, etc.; description of it, G. iv. 10
Rhodanus, the Rhone, one of the most celebrated rivers of France, which rises from a double spring in Mont de la Fourche, a part of the Alps, on the borders of Switzerland, near the springs of the Rhine. It passes through the Lacus Lemanus, Lake of Geneva, and flows with a swift and rapid current in a southern direction into the Sinus Gallicus, or Gulf of Lyons. Its whole course is about four hundred miles
Rhodope, a famous mountain of Thrace, now called Valiza
Rhodus, Rhodes, a celebrated island in the Mediterranean, upon the coast of Asia Minor, over against Caria
Rhyndagus, a river of Mysia in Asia, which falls into the Propontis
Roma, Rome, once the seat of the Roman empire, and the capital of the then known world, now the immediate capital of Camagna di Roma only, on the river Tiber, and the papal seat; generally supposed to have been built by Romulus, in the first year of the seventh Olympiad, B.C. 753
Roscillus and Aegus, brothers belonging to the Allobroges, revolt from Caesar to Pompey, C. iii. 59
Roxol[-ani, a people of Scythia Europaea, bordering upon the Alani; their country, anciently called Roxolonia, is now Red Russia
Rut[-eni, an ancient people of Gaul, to the north-west of the Volcae Arecomici, occupying the district now called Le Rauergne. Their capital was Segodunum, afterwards Ruteni, now Rhodes, G. i. 45; vii. 7, etc.
Sabis, the Sambre, a river of the Low Countries, which rises in Picardy, and falls into the Meuse at Namur, G. ii. 16, 18; vi. 33
Sabura, general of king Juba, C. ii. 38; his stratagem against Curio, C. ii. 40; his death, C. ii. 95
Sadales, the son of king Cotys, brings forces to Pompey, C. iii. 4
Salassii, an ancient city of Piedmont, whose chief town was where now Aosta is situate
Salluvii, Sallyes, a people of Gallia Narbonensis, about where Aixnow is
Salona, an ancient city of Dalmatia, and a Roman colony; the place where Dioclesian was born, and whither he retreated, after he had resigned the imperial dignity
Salsus, a river of Hispania Baetica, Rio Salado, or Guadajos
Samar[:obriva, Amiens, an ancient city of Gallia Belgica, enlarged and beautified by the emperor Antoninus Pius, now Amicus, the chief city of Picardy, on the river Somme; assembly of the, Gauls held there, G. v. 24
Santones, the ancient inhabitants of Guienne, or Xantoigne, G. i. 10
Sardinia, a large island in the Mediterranean, which in the time of the Romans had forty-two cities, it now belongs to the Duke of Savoy, with the title of king
Sarmatia, a very large northern country, divided into Sarmatia Asiatica, containing Tartary, Petigora, Circassia, and the country of the Morduitae; and Sarmatia Europaea, containing Russia, part of Poland, Prussia, and Lithuania
Savus, the Save, a large river which rises in Upper Carniola, and falls into the Danube at Belgrade
Scaeva, one of Caesar's centurions, displays remarkable valour, C. iii. 5 3; his shield is pierced in two hundred and thirty places
Scaldis, the Scheld, a noted river in the Low Countries, which rises in Picardy, and washing several of the principal cities of Flanders and Brabant in its course, falls into the German Ocean by two mouths, one retaining its own name, and the other called the Honte. Its whole course does not exceed a hundred and twenty miles. G. vi. 33
Scandinavia, anciently a vast northern peninsula, containing what is yet called Schonen, anciently Scania, belonging to Denmark; and part of Sweden, Norway, and Lapland
Scipio, his opinion of Pompey and Caesar, C. i. 1, 21; his flight, C. iii. 37
Sedulius, general of the Lemovices; his death, G. vii. 38
Seduni, a people of Gaul, to the south-east of the Lake of Geneva, occupying the upper part of the Valais. Their chief town was Civitus Sedunorum, now Sion, G. iii. i
Sedusii, an ancient people of Germany, on the borders of Suabia, G. i. 51
Segni, an ancient German nation, neighbours of the Condrusi, Zulpich
Segontiaci, a people of ancient Britain, inhabiting about Holshot, in Hampshire, G. v. 21
Segovia, a city of Hispania Baetica, Sagovia la Menos
Segusiani, a people of Gallia Celtica, about where Lionois Forest is now situate
Senones, an ancient nation of the Celtae, inhabiting the country about the Senonois, in Gaul
Sequana, the Seine, one of the principal rivers of France, which rising in the duchy of Burgundy, not far from a town of the same name, and running through Paris, and by Rouen, forms at Candebec a great arm of the sea
Sequani, an ancient people of Gallia Belgica, inhabiting the country now called the Franche Comt['e, or the Upper Burgundy; they bring the Germans into Gaul, G. vi. 12; lose the chief power, ibid.
Servilius the consul, C. iii. 21
Sesuvii, an ancient people of Gaul, inhabiting about Seez; they surrender to the Romans, G. ii. 34
Sextus Bibaculus, sick in the camp, G. vi. 38; fights bravely against the enemy, ibid.
Sextus Caesar, C. ii. 20
Sextus, Quintilius Varus, qaestor, C. i. 23; C. ii. 28
Sibuzates, an ancient people of Gaul, inhabiting the country around the Adour; they surrender to the Romans, G. iii. 27
Sicilia, Sicily, a large island in the Tyrrhene Sea, at the south- west point of Italy, formerly called the storehouse of the Roman empire, it was the first province the Romans possessed out of Italy, C. i. 30
Sicoris, a river in Catalonia, the Segre
Sigambri, or Sicambri, an ancient people of Lower Germany, between the Maese and the Rhine, where Cuelderland is; though by some placed on the banks of the Maine, G. iv. 18
Silicensis, a river of Hispania Baetica, Rio de las Algamidas. Others think it a corruption from Singuli
Sinuessa, a city of Campania, not far from the Save, an ancient Roman colony, now in a ruinous condition; Rocca di Mondragon['e
Soldurii, G. iii. 22
Sotiates, or Sontiates, an ancient people of Gaul, inhabiting the country about Aire; conquered by Caesar Aquillus, G. iii. 20, 21
Sparta, a city of Peloponnesus, now called Mucithra, said to be as ancient as the days of the patriarch Jacob
Spoletium, Spoleto, a city of great antiquity, of Umbria, in Italy, the capital of a duchy of the same name, on the river Tesino, where are yet some stately ruins of ancient Roman and Gothic edifices
Statius Marcus, one of Caesar's lieutenants, C. iii. i 5
Suessiones, an ancient people of Gaul, les Soissanois; a kindred tribe with the Remi, G. ii. 3; surrender to Caesar, G. iii. 13
Suevi, an ancient, great, and warlike people of Germany, who possessed the greatest part of it, from the Rhine to the Elbe, but afterwards removed from the northern parts, and settled about the Danube; and some marched into Spain, where they established a kingdom, the greatest nation in Germany, G. i. 37, 51, 54; hold a levy against the Romans, G. iv. 19; the Germans say that not even the gods are a match for them, G. iii. 7; the Ubii pay them tribute, G. iv. 4
Sulmo, an ancient city of Italy, Sulmona; its inhabitants declare in favour of Caesar, C. i. 18
Sulpicius, one of Caesar's lieutenants, stationed among the Aedui, C. i. 74
Supplications decreed in favour of Caesar on several occasions, G. ii. 15; ibid. 35; iv. 38
Suras, one of the Aeduan nobles, taken prisoner, G. viii. 45
Sylla, though a most merciless tyrant, left to the tribunes the right of giving protection, C. i. 5, 73
Syracusae, Saragusa, once one of the noblest cities of Sicily, said to have been built by Archias, a Corinthian, about seven hundred years before Christ. The Romans besieged and took it during the second Punic war, on which occasion the great Archimedes was killed
Syrtes, the Deserts of Barbary; also two dangerous sandy gulfs in the Mediterranean, upon the coast of Barbary, in Africa, called the one Syrtis Magna, now the Gulf of Sidra; the other Syrtis Parva, now the Gulf of Capes
Tamesis, the Thames, a celebrated and well-known river of Great Britain; Caesar crosses it, G. v. 18
Tanais, the Don, a very large river in Scythia, dividing Asia from Europe. It rises in the province of Resan, in Russia, and flowing through Crim- Tartary, runs into the Maeotic Lake, near a city of the same name, now in ruins
Tarbelli, a people of ancient Gaul, near the Pyrenees, inhabiting about Ays and Bayonne, in the country of Labourd; they surrender to Crassus, G. iii. 27
Tarcundarius Castor, assists Pompey with three hundred cavalry, C. iii. 4
Tarracina, an ancient city of Italy, which still retains the same name
Tarraco, Tarragona, a city of Spain, which in ancient time gave name to that part of it called Hispania Tarraconensis; by some said to be built by the Scipios, though others say before the Roman conquest, and that they only enlarged it. It stands on the mouth of the river Tulcis, now el Fracoli, with a small haven on the Mediterranean; its inhabitants desert to Caesar, C. i. 21, 60
Tarusates, an ancient people of Gaul, uncertain; according to some, le Teursan; they surrender to the Romans, G. iii. 13, 23, 27
Tasgetius, chief of the Carnutes, slain by his countrymen, G. v. 25
Taurois, a fortress of the inhabitants of Massilia
Taurus, an island in the Adriatic Sea, unknown
Taurus Mons, the largest mountain in all Asia, extending from the Indian to the Aegean Seas, called by different names in different countries, viz., Imaus, Caucasus, Caspius, Cerausius, and in Scripture, Ararat. Herbert says it is fifty English miles over, and 1500 long
Taximagulus, one of the four kings or princes that reigned over Kent, G. v. 22
Tectosages, a branch of the Volcae, G. vi. 24
Tegea, a city of Africa, unknown
Tenchtheri, a people of ancient Germany, bordering on the Rhine, near Overyssel; they and the Usipetes arrive at the banks of the Rhine, iv. 4; cross that river by a stratagem, ibid.; are defeated with great slaughter, ibid. 15
Tergeste, a Roman colony, its inhabitants in the north of Italy cut off by an incursion, G. viii. 24
Terni, an ancient Roman colony, on the river Nare, twelve miles from Spoletum
Teutomatus, king of the Nitobriges, G. vii. 31
Teutones, or Teutoni, an ancient people bordering on the Cimbri, the common ancient name for all the Germans, whence they yet call themselves Teutsche, and their country Teutschland; they are repelled from the territories of the Belgae, G. ii. 4
Thebae, Thebes, a city of Boeotia, in Greece, said to have been built by Cadmus, destroyed by Alexander the Great, but rebuilt, and now known by the name of Stives; occupied by Kalenus, C. iii. 55
Thermopylae, a famous pass on the great mountain Oeta, leading into Phocis, in Achaia, now called Bocca di Lupa
Thessaly, a country of Greece, formerly a great part of Macedonia, now called Janna; in conjunction with Aetolia, sends ambassadors to Caesar, C. iii. 34; reduced by Caesar, ibid. 81
Thessalonica, a chief city of Macedonia, now called Salonichi
Thracia, a large country of Europe, eastward from Macedonia, commonly called Romania, bounded by the Euxine and Aegean Seas
Thurii, or Turii, an ancient people of Italy, Torre Brodogneto
Tigurinus Pagus, one of the four districts into which the Helvetii were divided according to Caesar, the ancient inhabitants of the canton of Zurich in Switzerland, cut to pieces by Caesar, G. i. 12
Titus Ampius attempts sacrilege, but is prevented, C. iii. 105
Tolosa, Thoulouse, a city of Aquitaine, of great antiquity, the capital of Languedoc, on the Garonne
Toxandri, an ancient people of the Low Countries, about Breda, and Gertruydenburgh; but according to some, of the diocese of Liege
Tralles, an ancient city of Lydia in, Asia Minor, Chara, C. iii. 105
Trebonius, one of Caesar's lieutenants, C. i. 36; torn down from the tribunal, C. iii. 21; shows remarkable industry in repairing the works, C. ii. 14; and humanity, C. iii. 20
Treviri, the people of Treves, or Triers, a very ancient city of Lower Germany, on the Moselle, said to have been built by Trebetas, the brother of Ninus. It was made a Roman colony in the time of Augustus, and became afterwards the most famous city of Gallia Belgica. It was for some time the seat of the western empire, but it is now only the seat of the ecclesiastical elector named from it, G. i. 37; surpass the rest of the Gauls in cavalry, G. ii. 24; solicit the Germans to assist them against the Romans, G. v. 2, 55; their bravery, G. viii. 25; their defeat, G. vi. 8, vii. 63
Triboci, or Triboces, a people of ancient Germany, inhabiting the country of Alsace, G. i. 51
Tribunes of the soldiers and centurions desert to Caesar, C. i. 5
Tribunes (of the people) flee to Caesar, C. i. 5
Trinobantes, a people of ancient Britain, inhabitants of the counties of Middlesex and Hertfordshire, G. v. 20
Troja, Troy, a city of Phrygia, in Asia Minor, near Mount Ida, destroyed by the Greeks, after a ten years' siege
Tubero is prevented by Attius Varus from landing on the African coast, G. i. 31
Tulingi, an ancient people of Germany, who inhabited about where now Stulingen in Switzerland is; border on the Helvetii, G. i. 5
Tungri, an ancient people inhabiting about where Tongres, in Liege, now is
Turones, an ancient people of Gaul, inhabiting about Tours
Tusci, or Hetrusci, the inhabitants of Tuscany, a very large and considerable region of Italy, anciently called Tyrrhenia, and Etruria
Ubii, an ancient people of Lower Germany, who inhabited about where Cologne and the duchy of Juliers now are. They seek protection from the Romans against the Suevi, G. iv. 3; tributary to the Suevi, ibid.; declare in favour of Caesar, G. iv. 9, 14
Ulcilles Hirrus, one of Pompey's officers, C. i. 15
Ulla, or Ulia, a town in Hispania Baetica, in regard to whose situation geographers are not agreed; some making it Monte Major, others Vaena, others Vilia
Umbria, a large country of Italy, on both sides of the Apennines
Unelli, an ancient people of Gaul, uncertain, G. ii. 34
Urbigenus, one of the cantons of the Helvetii, G. i. 27
Usipetes, an ancient people of Germany, who frequently changed their habitation
Usita, a town unknown
Uxellodunum, a town in Gaul, whose situation is not known; according to some, Ussoldun besieged and stormed, G. viii. 32
Vahalis, the Waal, the middle branch of the Rhine, which, passing by Nimeguen, falls into the Meuse, above Gorcum, G. iv. 10
Valerius Flaccus, one of Caesar's lieutenants, C. i. 30; his death, C. iii. 5 3
Valetiacus, the brother of Cotus, G. vii. 32
Vangiones, an ancient people of Germany, about the city of Worms, G. i. 51
Varenus, a centurion, his bravery, G. v. 44
Varro, one of Pompey's lieutenants, C. i. 38; his feelings towards Caesar, C. ii. 17; his cohorts driven out by the inhabitants of Carmona, C. ii. 19; his surrender, C. ii. 20
Varus, the Var, a river of Italy, that flows into the Mediterranean Sea, C. i. 87
Varus, one of Pompey's lieutenants, is afraid to oppose Juba. C. ii. 44; his flight, C. ii. 34
Vatinius, one of Caesar's followers, C. iii. 100
Velauni, an ancient people of Gaul, inhabiting about Velai
Vellaunodunum, a town in Gaul, about which geographers are much divided; some making it Auxerre, others Chasteau Landon, others Villeneuve in Lorraine, others Veron. It surrenders, G. vii. 11
Velocasses, an ancient people of Normandy, about Rouen, G. ii. 4
Veneti, this name was anciently given as well to the Venetiansas to the people of Vannes, in Bretagne, in Gaul, for which last it stands in Caesar. They were powerful by sea, G. iii. 1; their senate is put to death by Caesar, G. iii. 16; they are completely defeated, ibid. 15; and surrender, ibid. 16
Veragri, a people of Gallia Lugdunensls, whose chief town was Aguanum, now St. Maurice, G. iii. 1
Verbigenus, or Urbigenus Pagus, a nation or canton of the Helvetians, inhabiting the country in the neighbourhood of Orbe
Vercelli Campi, the Plains of Vercellae, famous for a victory the Romans obtained there over the Cimbri. The city of that name is in Piedmont on the river Sesia, on the borders of the duchy of Milan
Vercingetorix, the son of Celtillus, receives the title of king from his followers, G. vii. 4; his plans, G. vii. 8; is accused of treachery, G. vii. 20; his acts, G. vii. 8; surrenders to Caesar, G. vii. 82
Vergasillaunus, the Arvernian, one of the Gallic leaders, G. vii. 76; taken prisoner, G. vii. 88
Vergobretus, the name given to the chief magistrate among the Aedui, G. i. 16
Verudoctius, one of the Helvetian embassy who request permission from Caesar to pass through the province, G. i. 7
Veromandui, a people of Gallia Belgica, whose country, now a part of Picardy, is still called Vermandois
Verona, a city of Lombardy, the capital of a province of the same name, on the river Adige, said to have been built by the Gauls two hundred and eighty- two years before Christ. It has yet several remains of antiquity
Vertico, one of the Nervii. He was in Cicero's camp when it was attacked by the Eburones, and prevailed on a slave to carry a letter to Caesar communicating that information, G. v. 49
Vertiscus, general of the Remi, G. viii. 12
Vesontio, Besan[,con, the capital of the Sequani, now the chief city of Burgundy, G. i. 38
Vettones, a people of Spain, inhabiting the province of Estremadura, C. i. 38
Vibo, a town in Italy, not far from the Sicilian Straits, Bibona
Vibullius Rufus, one of Pompey's followers, C. i. 15
Vienna, a city of Narbonese Gaul, Vienne in Dauphiny, G. vii. 9
Vindelici, an ancient people of Germany, inhabitants of the country of Vindelicia, otherwise called Raetia secunda
Viridomarus, a nobleman among the Aedui, G. vii. 38
Viridorix, king of the Unelli, G. iii. 17
Vistula, the Weichsel, a famous river of Poland, which rises in the Carpathian mountains, in Upper Silesia, and falls into the Baltic, not far from Dantzic, by three mouths
Visurgis, the Weser, a river of Lower Germany, which rises in Franconia, and, among other places of note, passing by Bremen, falls into the German Ocean, not far from the mouth of the Elbe, between that and the Ems
Vocates, a people of Gaul, on the confines of the Lapurdenses, G. iii. 23
Vocis, the king of the Norici, G. i. 58
Vocontii, an ancient people of Gaul, inhabiting about Die, in Dauphiny, and Vaison in the county of Venisse
Vogesus Mons, the mountain of Vauge in Lorrain, or, according to others, de Faucilles, G. iv. 10
Volcae Arecomici, and Tectosages, an ancient people of Gaul, inhabiting the Upper and Lower Languedoc
Volcae, a powerful Gallic tribe, divided into two branches, the Tectosages and Arecomici, G. vii. 7
Volcatius Tullus, one of Caesar's partisans, C. iii. 52